For decades, analyses of the Mexico–U.S. border have focused on trade, migration, and infrastructure. However, since 2023—and even more clearly in 2024—a silent yet decisive force has begun reshaping the region: welfare policies. In binational cities like Tijuana–San Diego, Ciudad Juárez–El Paso, and Nogales–Nogales, access to social services, healthcare, education, and direct income transfers is increasingly influencing not only quality of life but also migration patterns, i