In 2026, decentralization is no longer an “administrative” debate; it has become a test of economic survival. Global competition—nearshoring, the energy transition, shorter supply chains, and stricter rules—is won or lost on the ground: water, energy, permits, security, and talent. Those five factors largely sit with states and municipalities. The uncomfortable question is no longer whether to decentralize, but whether to do it effectively—with sufficient funding, technical c